Maintenance has always been with us. Roofs sagged, tools dulled, roads eroded, bodies faltered. People repaired whatthey could because survival required it. This older form of maintenance was neither glamorous nor philosophical; it was a rhythm, ahabit, a way of moving with time rather than trying to subdue it. It kept things alive so they could keep changing.
Butmaintenance has not survived history unchanged. Somewhere between the factory floor and the modern state, between austerity budgetsand glossy futurist manifestos, maintenance acquired a second meaning—one that looks like care but behaves like control. Today,two very different forms of maintenance share a single name, and much of our political confusion comes from mistaking the wrong onefor the right one.
One is maintenance-as-sustenance: the kind I explored in To Be Is To Be Maintained. It creates slack, absorbs shocks,distributes load, and keeps people capable of weathering change. It is maintenance as the precondition for new worlds.
Theother is maintenance-as-stasis: maintenance not as care but as containment, not as nourishment but as continuityenforcement. This is the maintenance I critiqued in The Death of Slack and Human as Crumple Zone—maintenance thattreats people as buffers for system fragility and regards any rupture as a threat to be managed, suppressed, or moralized away.
The story of modernity is the story of how the first became eclipsed by the second—how the maintenance that keeps peoplealive was conscripted into the work of keeping institutions alive.
From Rhythm to Regime
In pre-modern life,maintenance was cyclical and local: tending fields, mending tools, patching walls, restoring what time had worn down. It was thecommunal labor of staying in the world together. No one believed that repair could prevent change; repair existed to permit change byabsorbing its costs.
Industrial capitalism broke that symmetry. A factory’s profitability depended on its machinesrunning continuously. Maintenance was no longer cyclical; it was constant. No longer communal; it was professionalized. No longeradaptive; it became a discipline of compliance and record-keeping. The point wasn’t to sustain life but to sustain output.
Maintenance-as-stasis was born the moment maintenance became a precondition for profit.
Across thetwentieth century, this logic expanded. States took responsibility for infrastructure, and public maintenance became the backbone oflegitimacy. Roads must not buckle, bridges must not collapse, grids must not blink. Much of this was genuinely life-giving—maintenance-as-sustenance at scale—but it also centralized the question of whose life conditions were worth
maintaining.(note 1)
Then came the neoliberal turn, which did not simply neglect maintenance but withdrew it strategically.Sociologist Ruth Wilson Gilmore calls this organized abandonment—the deliberate starving ofcertain systems and communities while elites celebrate a rhetoric of fiscal prudence.
Maintenance-as-stasis became the engineof premature death. The system survives by letting specific populations fall apart.
Moralizing the Wrong Kind ofMaintenance
The most insidious development of the last forty years is not the withdrawal of maintenance—it is themoralization of maintenance-as-stasis. As public institutions hollowed out, people were encouraged to treat patching the resultingholes as a personal virtue.
We can see this everywhere:
- Teachers incrumbling buildings are praised for “going above and beyond,” as if crowdfunding air filters were a sign of devotionrather than evidence of state abandonment.
- Nurses working double shifts under dangerous ratios are celebrated fortheir “resilience.” Their sacrifice becomes the maintenance plan.
- Public libraries quietly become de factowarming centers, social services hubs, and crisis shelters—and we praise them for their “community spirit” insteadof funding the infrastructures that would make that labor unnecessary.
- Gig workers carry the volatility of platformsdesigned to shed every cost possible and are told they are “entrepreneurs of themselves.”
In each case,the world is maintained not through structural repair but through extracted virtue. Institutions weaponize the language of“care,” “community,” “responsibility,” and “stewardship” to shame individuals intodoing unpaid maintenance labor that keeps a decaying system upright.(note 2)
People internalize theseexpectations. They take pride in bailing out sinking ships. They congratulate themselves for being reliable where systems arebrittle. They mistake overextension for moral character. In this way, maintenance-as-stasis becomes self-reproducing. People becomethe buffer that eliminates both the evidence of failure and the demand for repair.
When Maintenance Becomes TemporalContainment
The 21st century has intensified this capture. As governments, corporations, and cultural institutions loseconfidence in their ability to imagine new futures, maintenance stops being a strategy for sustaining life and becomes a strategy forsuppressing change.
“Resilience” means returning to a status quo that is killing people.
“Stability”means preserving institutions that no longer function.
“Preservation” becomes a way to shut down demands for redesign.
“Repair” becomes a euphemism for prolonging the present.
This is not maintenance-as-sustenance—it ismaintenance-as-temporal-containment: a politics of the forever now, the same temporal logic I diagnosed inThe Pyrrhic Condition, where systems perfecttheir own performance while hollowing out the future.
Governments speak of “weathering the crisis,” “holdingfirm,” “restoring normalcy.” Corporations speak of “reliability,” “continuity,”“operational excellence.” But behind this language is a refusal to redesign systems that are structurally incapable ofserving the world they now govern.
Maintenance here functions as a defense of the present against the possibility of anythingelse.
Maintenance as Elite Pastime
Nothing illustrates the contemporary capture more cleanly than the emerging“maintenance movement,” crystallized in the forthcoming Stripe Press book Maintenance: Of Everything byStewart Brand.
Its aesthetic is seductive:glossy photos of handcrafted tools, sailboats, mechanical clocks; the romance of tinkering; the spiritual discipline of upkeep. Butits politics are disingenuous.
Brand’s Long Now philosophy has always sought to “stabilize”civilization against “short-termism.” But when stability becomes the highest value in a broken system, “long-termthinking” becomes a euphemism for infinite stasis.
“The book explores the insights that canbe gleaned from the maintenance of sailboats, vehicles, and weapons…It invites us to understand not only the profound impactmaintenance has on our daily lives but also why taking responsibility for maintaining something—whether a motorcycle, amonument, or our planet—can be a radical act.”
Stripe Press packages maintenance not as the gritty,precarious struggle of tenants dealing with black mold or communities fighting for clean water, but as a design problem for thealready-insulated. Maintenance becomes a luxury hobby, a lifestyle virtue. It aestheticizes survival while obscuring who currentlycan’t afford to survive.
It is no coincidence that Stripe—a financial infrastructure company—would championsuch a vision. For financial capital, the only maintenance that matters is the maintenance of transactionality: uptime, reliability,seamless flows of money. They want a world that works (for commerce), not a world that cares (for people).
Intheir hands, maintenance becomes a philosophy of infrastructural obedience.
What the Capture Has Cost Us
Across these arcs, the pattern is unmistakable:
- Maintenance-as-sustenance keeps people capable.
- Maintenance-as-stasis keeps systems intact by exhausting people.
- Sustenance builds futures; stasis barricades them.
- Sustenance creates slack; stasis extracts it.
- Sustenance distributes load; stasis offloads it.
- Sustenance makes rupture survivable; stasis makes ruptureunthinkable.
We now live in a world where institutions survive by letting people fall apart.
The Maintenance We Must Reclaim
We cannot reject maintenance. We need it more than ever. But we must choose the right one.
We must reclaim maintenance-as-sustenance:
- maintenance that restores capacityrather than consuming it
- maintenance that distributes harm rather than concentrating it
- maintenance that builds redundancy rather than demanding heroism
- maintenance that preparesthe world for change rather than prevents it
- maintenance that treats people not as load-bearingcomponents but as lives worth making room for
This kind of maintenance is not nostalgic. It is not soft. Itis not slow. It is the only maintenance that allows for the world we desperately need but have not yet built.
Maintenance-as-stasis keeps civilization running in place.
Maintenance-as-sustenance keepscivilization capable of moving at all.
Only one of these can carry us forward.
Note 1.
This is the seed of what I later called Critical Bioengineering,where the design of failure determines which bodies absorb which harms.
Note 2.
This is the dynamic I exposed in Sanctiphagy: people are consumed to preserve the institution.